[Quality of life of health personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic: exploratory reviewQualidade de vida do pessoal de saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19: revisão exploratória]. / Calidad de vida del personal de salud durante la pandemia de COVID-19: revisión exploratoria.

Objective: Describe the quality of life of health personnel, the work environment, and interactions between employees and their work environment during the pandemic. Methods: A scoping review was conducted. The electronic databases PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Literature Complete, and Google Scholar were used, as well as the repositories of the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Primary, secondary, and grey literature studies published between December 2019 and March 2021 in Spanish, English, and Portuguese were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Authority, Accuracy, Coverage, Objectivity, Date and Importance (AACODS) checklist; a tool for the measurement of multiple systematic reviews (AMSTAR); and the Critical Appraisal Checklist for Text and Opinion Papers. A thematic analysis was carried out based on the quality-of-life and well-being model. Results: Of a total of 208 articles, 11 were included. The quality of life of health personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic was affected by the characteristics of health personnel, the work environment, and interactions between employees and their work environment. Problems related to psychosocial and occupational factors were observed. Discussion: The quality of life of health personnel was characterized by stigmatization, stress, anxiety, and fatigue. Organizational management and the implementation of psychological interventions appear to affect interactions between employees and their work environment, and improve their quality of life.

Objetivo: Descrever a qualidade de vida do pessoal de saúde, o ambiente de trabalho e a interação entre o funcionário e o ambiente de trabalho durante a pandemia. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão exploratória. Foram utilizadas as bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Literature Complete, Google Scholar e os repositórios da Organização Mundial da Saúde e dos Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças. Foram incluídos estudos primários, secundários e da literatura cinzenta, publicados entre dezembro de 2019 e março de 2021, em espanhol, inglês e português. A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada pelas checklists AACODS (Authority, Accuracy, Coverage, Objectivity, Date, Significance), AMSTAR (A measurement tool to assess systematic reviews) e Critical Appraisal Checklist for Text and Opinion Papers. Foi realizada uma análise temática com base no modelo de qualidade de vida e bem-estar. Resultados: De um total de 208 artigos, 11 foram incluídos. A qualidade de vida do pessoal de saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19 foi influenciada pelas características do pessoal de saúde, do ambiente de trabalho e da interação entre o funcionário e o ambiente de trabalho. Constataram-se deficiências relacionadas a fatores psicossociais e ocupacionais. Discussão: A qualidade do pessoal de saúde foi caracterizada por estigma, estresse, ansiedade e fadiga. A gestão organizacional e a aplicação de intervenções psicológicas evidenciam um efeito na interação entre o funcionário e o ambiente de trabalho, e influenciam sua qualidade de vida.

Guidelines on epidemics in Mexico. Historical perspective.

A perspective of epidemics and pandemics in Mexico is offered, focusing on three time periods, namely, end of the 18th century, the 20th century, and the 21st century, in order to analyze how they were approached by health and government authorities, as well as the challenges they have represented. Historical documentary sources were consulted and, in current cases, participation in them was analyzed. Epidemiological and social historical methodologies were combined. The presence of epidemics in Mexico is a constant on its evolution, which highlights the need for the epidemiological surveillance system to be updated, the importance of being prepared to face an epidemic and to develop a contingency plan.

Se ofrece una perspectiva de las epidemias y pandemias en México en tres periodos: fines del siglo XVIII y siglos XX y XXI, con el fin de analizar cómo las autoridades sanitarias y gubernamentales abordaron estos problemas, así como los desafíos que han representado. Se consultaron fuentes históricas documentales y, en los casos actuales, la participación en ellos. Se combinó metodología epidemiológica e histórica social. La presencia de las epidemias en México es una constante, lo cual evidencia la necesidad de actualizar el sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica, de estar preparados para enfrentar una epidemia y de elaborar un plan de contingencia.

LETTERS IN THE EPIDEMIC: RESISTANCE WRITINGS

This text is a critical essay that addresses the situation experienced in Brazil during the Covid-19 epidemic. The author presents three letters written during the epidemic and considers the act of writing as an activity of resistance in the face of anguish and fear of death. The letters refer to literature, alluding to the work of an author, in each of them. The authors and works cited and commented were: The Plague of Albert Camus, The dispossessed of Ursula Le Guin and War and Peace by Leon Tolstoy. An overview of the Brazilian health situation is outlined in three moments of the epidemic, which correspond temporarily to the elaboration of the letters. At the end, some issues are addressed in relation to face the epidemic in the country. (English) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Este texto é um ensaio crítico que aborda a situação vivida no Brasil durante a epidemia de Covid 19. São apresentadas três cartas escritas durante a epidemia, a partir do entendimento do ato de escrever como uma atividade de resistência frente ao sofrimento, à angústia e ao medo da morte. As cartas fazem referência à literatura, aludindo em cada uma delas, a obra de um autor. Os autores e obras citados e comentados em relação a cada uma das cartas foram: A Peste de Albert Camus, Os despossuídos de Úrsula Le Guin e Guerra e Paz de Leon Tolstói. É traçado um panorama sobre a situação sanitária brasileira em três momentos da epidemia, que correspondem temporalmente à elaboração das cartas. Ao final, abordam-se algumas questões em relação ao enfrentamento à epidemia no país. (Portuguese) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Athenea Digital (Revista de Pensamiento e Investigación Social) is the property of Athenea Digital (Revista de Pensamiento e Investigacion Social) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Home exercise and post-pandemic risk management / Exercício físico doméstico e gerenciamento de riscos pós-pandemia / Ejercicio en casa y gestión de riesgos en la postpandemia

ABSTRACT Introduction: Post-pandemic has made people increase their search for preventive health. Even in limited places, there is also a need to perform the proper physical exercise to improve fitness and promote health. Objective: Research the mode of home exercise and study the risk management of such exercise. Methods: According to the perspective of home exercise, this paper analyzes the benefits and methods of exercise, to call everyone to enhance exercise in the post-pandemic. Results: After testing, this method can improve physical quality, relieve anxiety, promote physical and mental health, strengthen sports cognition, and promote the harmonious development of society. Conclusion: Physical exercise can give us a good quality of life; the greatest success is living healthily. This epidemic has made society more aware of the value of sports and their importance to health. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigating treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O pós-pandemia fez as pessoas aumentarem a busca pela saúde preventiva. Mesmo em lugares limitados, também há a necessidade de realizar exercícios físicos adequados para melhorar o estado físico e promover a saúde. Objetivo: Pesquisar o modo de exercícios físicos domésticos e estudar o gerenciamento de riscos desse tipo de exercícios. Métodos: Segundo a perspectiva do exercício em casa, este artigo analisa os benefícios e métodos de exercício, com o objetivo de chamar a todos para aprimorar o exercício físico no pós-pandemia. Resultados: Após os testes, este método pode melhorar a qualidade física, aliviar a ansiedade, promover a saúde física e mental, fortalecer a cognição esportiva e promover o desenvolvimento harmonioso da sociedade. Conclusão: O exercício físico pode nos fazer ter uma boa qualidade de vida, sendo o maior sucesso viver saudavelmente. Esta epidemia tornou a sociedade mais consciente do valor esportivo e de sua importância para a saúde. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La postpandemia ha hecho que la gente aumente su búsqueda de salud preventiva. Incluso en lugares limitados, también es necesario realizar un ejercicio físico adecuado para mejorar la forma física y promover la salud. Objetivo: Investigar la modalidad de ejercicio en casa y estudiar la gestión de riesgos de dicho ejercicio. Métodos: De acuerdo con la perspectiva del ejercicio en casa, este trabajo analiza los beneficios y los métodos del ejercicio, con el objetivo de llamar a todos a potenciar el ejercicio físico en la postpandemia. Resultados: Tras las pruebas, este método puede mejorar la calidad física, aliviar la ansiedad, promover la salud física y mental, fortalecer la cognición deportiva y promover el desarrollo armonioso de la sociedad. Conclusión: El ejercicio físico puede hacer que tengamos una buena calidad de vida, y el mayor éxito es vivir de forma saludable. Esta epidemia ha hecho que la sociedad sea más consciente del valor del deporte y de su importancia para la salud. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Epidemics, Institutions, and the State. Health in Santiago de Chile, 1810­1842 / Epidemias, instituciones y Estado. La salud en Santiago de Chile, 1810-1842 / Epidemias, instituições e o Estado. A saúde em Santiago do Chile, 1810-1842

Introducción: la pandemia de covid-19 ha suscitado un nuevo interés en la historia de la salud. Tanto en Chile como en otras partes del mundo, la búsqueda de respuestas en torno a cómo las sociedades pasadas han enfrentado la llegada de alguna epidemia ha hecho recordar que el contagio forma parte de nuestra historia y la estrecha relación que existe entre enfermedad y Estado. Desarrollo: se estudia la dimensión pública de la salud en Santiago de Chile entre los años 1810 y 1842, indagando, principalmente, en las respuestas que el Estado y sus instituciones entregaron en materia sanitaria frente a la aparición de brotes epidémicos. Se revisan las epidemias generadas por escarlatina, viruela y erisipela, dado que fueron las enfermedades que desencadenaron una respuesta de carácter institucional. Conclusión: la aparición de dichos brotes epidémicos se tradujo en que el Estado, a través de instituciones como el Protomedicato, la Junta de Sanidad, la Junta de Beneficencia o la Junta de Vacuna, articuló una respuesta sanitaria que se centró en mejorar las condiciones de higiene de la ciudad. A su vez, dio cuenta de dimensión pública de la enfermedad y de la capacidad que el Estado tuvo de poner en marcha medidas concretas que permitieran frenar los estragos de las epidemias

Introduction: The covid-19 pandemic has generated a new interest in the history of health. In Chile and other parts of the world, search for answers regarding societies that have dealt with epidemics reminds us that contagions have been a part of our history and that there is a close relationship between disease and the State. Development: We studied the public dimension of health in Santiago de Chile between 1810 and 1842, mainly considering the responses of the State and its institutions toward epidemic out-breaks. In addition, we reviewed the scarlet fever, smallpox, and erysipelas epidemics, as these were the diseases that triggered an institutional response. Conclusion: The appearance of these epidemic out-breaks signified that the State, through institutions such as the Protomedicato, Junta de Sanidad, Junta de Beneficencia, or Junta de Vacuna, articulated a sanitary response that focused on improving the hygienic conditions of the city. At the same time, epidemic outbreaks also showed the public dimension of a dis-ease and the State's capacity to implement specific measures to cope with the ravages of epidemics

Introdução: a pandemia que vivemos de covid-19 despertou um novo interesse na história da saúde. Tanto no Chile como em outras partes do mundo, a busca por respostas sobre como as sociedades do passado enfrentaram a chegada de uma epidemia nos lembrou que o contágio faz parte da nossa história e da estreita relação que existe entre a doença e o Estado. Desenvolvimento: estuda-se a dimensão pública da saúde em Santiago do Chile entre os anos 1810 e 1842, investigando principalmente as respostas que o Estado e suas instituições deram em matéria de saúde ante o aparecimento de surtos epidêmicos. Revisamos as epidemias geradas pela escarlatina, varíola e erisipela, por serem as doenças que desen-cadearam uma resposta institucional. Conclusão: o surgimento desses surtos epidêmicos fez com que o Estado, por meio de instituições como o Protomedicato, o Conselho de Saúde, o Conselho de Caridade ou o Conselho de Vacinas, articulasse uma resposta sanitária centrada na melhoria das condições de higiene da cidade. Ao mesmo tempo, deu conta da dimensão pública da doença e da capacidade de que dispõe o Estado para implementar medidas concretas que permitiram conter a devastação das epidemias

Primary health care response in the management of pandemics: Learnings from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Primary care is an essential foundation for the global response to COVID-19 pandemic. It plays a significant role in the health care response: identifying and triaging potential COVID-19 cases, making an early diagnosis, helping vulnerable people cope with their anxiety about the virus, strengthening compliance with prevention and protection measures, and reducing the demand for hospital services. Primary care teams have continued to address citizens' health problems during the pandemic, adapting to strict social control measures imposed by governments such as closing of borders, lockdowns and self-isolation of cases and contacts. We describe the COVID-19 response from primary care in Hong Kong and China, based on their recent pandemic experiences. We also present that of a European country, United Kingdom, less experienced in pandemic management, but with universal and highly developed primary care with great social recognition. Finally, we point out some crucial learning for future pandemic management, highlighting the crucial need to improve the relationship between primary care and public health to improve pandemics response.

[Factors associated with the incidence and mortality from COVID-19 in the autonomous communities of Spain]. / Factores asociados a la incidencia y la mortalidad por COVID-19 en las comunidades autónomas.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the evolution of the epidemic of COVID-19 after the alarm state and identify factors associated with the differences between the autonomous communities. METHOD: Ecological study that used epidemiological, demographic, environmental and variables on the structure of health services as explanatory variables. The analysis period was from March 15th (the start of the alarm state) until April 22nd, 2020. Incidence and mortality rates were the main response variables. The magnitude of the associations has been estimated using the Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Incidence and mortality rates at the time of decree of alarm status are associated with current incidence, mortality and hospital demand rates. Higher mean temperatures are significantly associated with a lower current incidence of COVID-19 in the autonomous communities. Likewise, a higher proportion of older people in nursing homes is significantly associated with a higher current mortality in the autonomous communities. CONCLUSION: It is possible to predict the evolution of the epidemic through the analysis of incidence and mortality. Lower temperatures and the proportion of older people in residences are factors associated with a worse prognosis. These parameters must be considered in decisions about the timing and intensity of the implementation of containment measures. In this sense, strengthening epidemiological surveillance is essential to improve predictions.

History and future of pandemics / Historia y futuro de las pandemias

Este artículo presenta una historia general de las epidemias históricas y de las nuevas enfermedades emergentes, señalando sus factores desencadenantes. Se afirma que las epidemias son inevitables, y que su riesgo aumenta en proporción al tamaño, la complejidad y el poder tecnológico de nuestras sociedades. La historia enseña que las epidemias han sido casi siempre desencadenadas por cambios en el ambiente ocasionados por las propias actividades humanas. Las enfermedades infecciosas son manifestación de una interacción ecológica entre la especie humana y otra especie de microorganismos. Y las epidemias son resultado del cambio en algún factor ambiental capaz de influir en esa interacción. Las catástrofes epidémicas son inevitables: en primer lugar, porque no podemos evitar formar parte de cadenas tróficas en las que comemos y somos comidos por los microbios; en segundo lugar, porque las infecciones son mecanismos evolutivos y factores reguladores del equilibrio ecológico, que regulan sobre todo el tamaño de las poblaciones; y, en tercer lugar, porque las intervenciones técnicas humanas, al modificar los equilibrios previos, crean equilibrios nuevos que son más vulnerables. De este modo las sociedades humanas son más vulnerables cuanto más complejas. Y los éxitos humanos en la modificación de condiciones ambientales conservan, o más bien aumentan, el riesgo de catástrofes epidémicas. Todas las necesarias medidas de vigilancia y control epidemiológico imaginables pueden disminuir los daños que producen las epidemias, pero nunca podrán evitarlas.

This article presents a general history of historical epidemics, and new emerging diseases, pointing out their triggers. It is claimed that epidemics are inevitable, and that their risk increases in proportion to the size, complexity, and technological power of our societies. History teaches that epidemics have almost always been triggered by changes in the environment caused by human activities themselves. Infectious diseases are manifestations of an ecological interaction between the human species and another species of microorganisms. And epidemics are the result of a change in some environmental factor capable of influencing that interaction. Epidemic catastrophes are inevitable: firstly, because we cannot help but be part of trophic chains in which we eat and are eaten by microbes; secondly, because infections are evolutionary mechanisms and regulatory factors of ecological balance, which regulate especially the size of populations; and thirdly, because human technical interventions, in changing previous balances, create new balances that are more vulnerable. In this way human societies are more vulnerable the more complex. And human successes in modifying environmental conditions retain, or rather increase, the risk of epidemic catastrophes. All necessary epidemiological surveillance and control measures imaginable can lessen the damage caused by epidemics, but they can never prevent them.

Psychological impact during COVID-19 lockdown in children and adolescents with previous mental health disorders.

OBJECTIVE: During the COVID-19 pandemic, authorities confined adults, adolescents and children to their homes. Recent articles warn of possible long-term consequences on mental health, especially for those who suffer from underlying psychiatric conditions and for vulnerable sections of the population. The present study explores the psychological impact of the COVID-19 quarantine on outpatients at the Centre of Child and Adolescent Mental Health (CAMHS), which is based in Barcelona. METHODS: A total of 441 caregivers answered an online ad-hoc survey on their sociodemographic and economic situation, perceived stress, and clinical changes and coping strategies observed in their children during lockdown. The Chi-square test was used to compare the response percentages for each behaviour or symptom between age, gender and diagnostic groups. Variance and post-hoc test were also analyzed, as was the Pearson correlation. RESULTS: The use of electronic devices has significantly increased. There has also been an increase in symptoms such as attentional problems, fatigue and irritability, among others. Differences were found between age and gender groups. The diagnostic groups most affected by confinement were Autism Spectrum Disorders and Conduct Disorders. The survey also discovered a relationship between the loss of family income, parental stress and increased symptoms in children. CONCLUSION: Confinement has increased externalizing symptoms and behaviours as well as COVID-19 related concerns, somatic problems and anxieties. It is important to observe the fluctuation of symptoms and how young people adapt to the pandemic in order to reach a better understanding of the situation and devise new strategies to reduce the psychological impact of the pandemic.

A new emerging zoonotic virus of concern: the 2019 novel Coronavirus (SARS CoV-2) / Un nuevo virus zoonótico emergente de preocupación: el Coronavirus novel 2019

Abstract We review here the origin, outbreak characteristics and main epidemiological features of the novel Coronavirus (2019nCoV) responsible of a new coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Rapid global health authorities' responses are now in course and international scientific collaboration is urgently need. Previous outbreaks experiences with similar viral agents have increased the capacity to containment and control of these recurrent health menaces.

Resumen Revisamos aquí el origen, características del brote y la epidemiología del nuevo Coronavirus (2019nCoV) responsable de una nueva enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19). Una rápida respuesta de las autoridades de salud mundiales está en marcha y se ha hecho un llamado urgente para colaboración científica internacional. Las lecciones aprendidas de brotes previos con agentes virales similares han aumentado las capacidades para contener y controlar estas amenazas recurrentes a la salud global.